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Text[0]=["Introduction","The Egyptians and Chinese were writing with ink by 2600 B.C. Nearly 3,000 years would pass, however, before the Chinese brushed ink onto carved wooden blocks and stamped the image onto cloth in the earliest attempts at printing. Efforts to create the first movable type came in the 11th century, when Pi-Sheng formed individual Chinese characters from clay and later, wood. Although Pi-Sheng&#39s endeavor proved unsuccessful due to the vast number of required characters, his relief (raised) images would serve as the basis of printing for the next 900 years. <br>Printing moved into Europe in the 12th century along with the introduction of paper. Prior to this time, manuscripts were tediously hand-copied onto parchment derived from animal skins. This process proved to be time-consuming and costly. In addition, hand-copied manuscripts could not keep pace with the growing demand for religious tracts, poetry, and other literature. <b style=font-family:verdana;color:white>[Read more in the new Printing Ink Handbook]<b/>"]
Text[1]=["Chapter 1 - Overview","<b>Ink Basics</b><br> Printing ink is defined as a colored chemical substance used to apply an image to a substrate via a mechanical process. In the most basic terms, printing ink consists of a solid colorant dispersed into a liquid carrier to create a &#34colored fluid&#34 designed with chemical and physical attributes that will allow it to be transferred to a substrate via a printing press to form the printed image.  The ink must be converted from the fluid/liquid phase to a dry and solidified film to allow further processing and distribution....<b style=font-family:verdana;color:white>[Read more in the new Printing Ink Handbook]<b/> "]
Text[2]=["Chapter 2 - Printing Processess","<b>Offset Lithography  </b><br>In the lithographic offset process, ink is transferred from a planographic plate that has ink receptive image areas and water receptive non-image areas. The ink is not soluble in the water, but must have the capability of forming a stable water-in-ink emulsion. The thin metal plate is wrapped around a cylinder, as this is a rotary system. From the plate, the image is transferred to an intermediate cylinder covered with a layer of rubber &#45 called the blanket &#45 that transfers the image to the substrate surface. Since this process does not transfer the ink directly to the substrate, but rather uses an intermediate cylinder, it is referred to as an &#34offset&#34 process. The term offset has become virtually synonymous with lithography and these words are used interchangeably.  Ink is prevented from adhering to the non-image area by the application of a thin film of a water based liquid, known as the fountain solution, to the plate before it comes into contt with the ink. The type of fountain solution is dependant onthe design of the dampening system, press speed, type of press, and a number of other factors....<b style=font-family:verdana;color:white>[Read more in the new Printing Ink Handbook]<b/> "]
Text[3]=["Chapter 3 - Ink Formulation","Ink formulation can be a challenging process, as there are a seemingly infinite combination of presses, substrates, and end-use applications within each type of printing process. The printing ink industry is somewhat unusual in that many products are custom formulated to meet a particular customer&#39s needs. In some cases there may be enough commonality to permit the use of standardized products, but this is not always possible. In addition, the inks must not only perform successfully during application, but must satisfy a litany of requirements through the ink&#39s life cycle, from the initial manufacturing stage to the final disposal of the printed product.  This chapter covers the driving forces that influence how an ink is formulated.  It is a general overview and is not meant to be a checklist for everyday bench formulation....<b style=font-family:verdana;color:white>[Read more in the new Printing Ink Handbook]<b/> "]
Text[4]=["Chapter 4 - Raw Materials","The raw materials (ingredients) used in the manufacture of printing inks fall into three main categories: <ul><li>Vehicles carry the pigment to the substrate during the printing process and bind the pigment to the substrate. Vehicles are sometimes referred to as varnishes. Typically fluid in nature, vehicles consist of resins, binders, plasticizers and solvents. Viscosity ranges from free flow liquids to highly gelled, very viscous materials.</li><li>Colorants are pigments or dyes that provide the color of the printed ink. More prominent than dyes, pigments are dry colored particles that are dispersed in a vehicle to create an ink. Dyes are dissolved by the vehicle/solvent system and form solutions. </li><li>Additives are materials or compounds that control and/or modify specific properties, typically added in relatively small amounts. Additives cover a wide range of chemistries. Properties that are controlled or enhanced by additives include rub/abrasion resistance, drying, film integrity, pH, pigment dispersion, viscosity, and a variety of others that will be discussed later in this chapter....<b style=font-family:verdana;color:white>[Read more in the new Printing Ink Handbook]<b/> </li></ul> "]
Text[5]=["Chapter 5 - Substrates","Understanding the relationship between the ink and the substrate is crucial to the printing ink formulator to ensure both the success of the printing process and the fulfillment of the end use requirements. For example, a sheet of coated paper for a magazine could be printed on either a lithographic or gravure press.  In the case of lithographic printing, the inks have a tack component and must be formulated so that the ink does not pull out fibers and/or coating, a problem called picking. In gravure printing, the fluid inks do not have a tack component and thus is not an issue.   The printing cylinder on a gravure press consists of a series of cells and has a very smooth surface that applies the ink directly to the substrate. Therefore, the paper must be smooth so that there is intimate contact with the print cylinder to ensure uniform transfer of the ink from each individual cell. Failure to transfer ink from a particular cell will result in a print void, a phenomena known as skipped dots....<b style=font-family:verdana;color:white>[Read more in the new Printing Ink Handbook]<b/>  "]
Text[6]=["Chapter 6 - Manufacturing","Manufacturing techniques for printing inks vary, largely dependent on the properties of the ingredients and the volume to be produced. At its most basic level, ink manufacturing consists of mixing, milling, and/or filtering. As discussed in Chapter 1, ink components can be grouped as the colorant (pigment), the binder (resin in liquid) and additives.  The key step is the proper dispersion of the pigment into the vehicle, as it is the most energy intensive part of the process and typically the pigment is the most expensive ingredient in the formula.  Ink may be prepared in batches, or the ingredients may be fed continuously into and through the manufacturing system. The large majority of printing inks are made by the batch process with only large volume standardized inks, particularly publication four color process inks, employing continuous processing. Batch size can be from 1 pound to over 30,000 pounds. Ink plants may specialize in one type of ink or manufacture a variety of ink products.  A mixed product line means more than one process design requiring additional equipment. It is more difficult to attain maximum efficiency when making numerous small batches of different types of ink rather than large volumes of similar ink....<b style=font-family:verdana;color:white>[Read more in the new Printing Ink Handbook]<b/> "]
Text[7]=["Chapter 7 - Rheology","Historically, the physical consistency or fluidity of printing inks has often been described using the terms heavy, thin, long, short, stiff, bodied, and fluid. This terminology is not scientifically based and is open to interpretation by an individual. These terms really refer to the rheology of the ink, which encompasses all of the properties of any substance capable of deformation when it is subjected to pressure (force). Rheology is defined as the study of deformation and flow of matter under the influence of an applied stress. The term rheology was coined in 1920 by Eugene Bingham, a professor at Lehigh University, from a suggestion by Markus Reiner who was inspired by Heraclitus&#39 famous expression, &#34panta rhei&#34 (everything flows). Rheology descriptions usually refer to the property of viscosity and the departure from Newton&#39s law of viscosity. Viscosity is a more familiar rheological term that describes deformation and how it impacts the flow of matter. The quantitative language of rheology allows for the assignment of numerical values to viscosity and other rheological properties that provide a means of communication between the supplier and customer....<b style=font-family:verdana;color:white>[Read more in the new Printing Ink Handbook]<b/> "]
Text[8]=["Chapter 8 - Color","This chapter will cover the following:<ul><li>Definition of color and the three requirements of color</li><li>Color as viewed by the human eye and interpreted by the brain</li><li>Color names &#45 position in the spectrum</li><li>The three dimensions of color</li><li>The three dimensions of color</li><li>Color Mapping</li><li>Measuring color instrumentally</li><li>Assigning numerical values to color differences (tolerancing)</li><li>Color as utilized in the graphic arts industry</li><li>Color blending systems....<b style=font-family:verdana;color:white>[Read more in the new Printing Ink Handbook]<b/></li></ul>"]
Text[9]=["Chapter 9 - Lithographic Inks","As mentioned in the Introduction Section, Alois Senefelder, a native of Prague, introduced lithography in Munich, Germany in 1796. Meaning, &#34stone writing&#34 in Greek, the original process utilized a flat stone written on with a grease pencil to form the ink&#45receptive image area. To prevent the ink from adhering to the non&#45image area, the stone was dampened with water before ink was applied. The substrate was placed on the stone, pressure was applied with a roller and the paper was removed by hand. The process was cumbersome and is no longer used today.  Lithographic offset printing has evolved into a process using an image-bearing thin metal or plastic plate mounted on a cylindrical roll.   As previously mentioned in Chapter 2, most lithographic printing is an offset process, whereby the image is transferred from the plate to an intermediate rubber covered cylinder (referred to as the blanket) and then to the substrate.  Since virtually all commercial lithographic printing is accomplished by the offset method, the term offset has become synonymous with lithography in the graphic communications industry....<b style=font-family:verdana;color:white>[Read more in the new Printing Ink Handbook]<b/>"]
Text[10]=["Chapter 10 - Flexographic Inks","The printing process now known as flexography was invented in the late 19th century.  Originally a rather crude method of printing, it employed a rubber plate and fluid inks made from coal tar dyes. The dyes were derived from aniline and thus, the process was known as aniline printing.  The process was used primarily as a means of printing paper bags and was quite simple &#45 almost like using a large rubber stamp &#45 providing a printing mechanism that could be appended to the bag-making machine allowing the manufacturing and printing to be done in line. Aniline printing became more sophisticated during the 1920s and 1930s, with the development of synthetic rubber for plate making material. Another advance occurred in 1938 with the development of an engraved screened inking roll called the anilox. The anilox roller consists of recessed cells that carry the ink to the plate. The non-recessed area between the cells is known as the &#34land area&#34. The original idea was derived from the gravure cylinder and was developed by two employees of International Printing Ink (IPI, later to become Inmont Corporation)....<b style=font-family:verdana;color:white>[Read more in the new Printing Ink Handbook]<b/> "]
Text[11]=["Chapter 11 - Gravure Inks","Within a decade of Gutenberg&#39s letterpress-printed Bible, printing technology continued to expand. In 1446, an image was printed from an engraved metal plate for the first time. It was referred to as intaglio printing, a name derived from the Italian word for &#34engrave&#34 or &#34cut&#34 The engraving was done manually with awl-like instruments and other specially designed hand tools. Engraved imaging and letterpress printing grew side by side, with engraving being used primarily for illustrations, maps, musical scores, and fine art reproductions, while letterpress was used for text. Since the two processes could not be utilized on the same printing press, the printing was done separately with the printed pages combined during the collating/binding stage. Early engraving was limited and could not reproduce solid areas or tonal gradation (shades of gray). Parallel and cross hatched lines as well as patterns of dots were engraved into the metal surface to simulate shading (See Figure 11-1). Despite these limitations, engraving remained the dominant ....<b style=font-family:verdana;color:white>[Read more in the new Printing Ink Handbook]<b/>  "]
Text[12]=["Chapter 12 - Non-Impact Inks","Non-impact printing (NIP) refers to processes whereby the inked image is transferred to the substrate without applying pressure, has no fixed image carrier (plate), and is usually based on computer generated digital input data. As a result, this process is also referred to as plate-less or digital printing. NIP eliminates preparatory steps so that data and images can be directly reproduced from digital files to the output device (printer). As a result the printed image can be easily changed from one print to the next, allowing the production of &#34variable output&#34 printed documents. The nonimpact processes have the capability of printing either a single color or multiple colors. <br>Non-impact printing speed varies depending on the technology and there is continual development to increase print speeds. Nonimpact printing is mainly aimed at variable data (address labels, code numbers, dating), short runs (number of copies will vary dependent on application/market), and print-on-demand markets. End use can range from office documents to wide format advertising banners for....<b style=font-family:verdana;color:white>[Read more in the new Printing Ink Handbook]<b/>  "]
Text[13]=["Chapter 13 - Other Printing Processes and Inks","This chapter covers printing processes and inks that represent smaller market segments than those discussed in chapters 8 through 11.  Some represent declining sales while others are limited to specialty applications....<b style=font-family:verdana;color:white>[Read more in the new Printing Ink Handbook]<b/> "]
Text[14]=["Chapter 14 - Ink Testing","Testing is done to:<ul><li>Assure the quality of incoming raw materials and outgoing finished products.</li><li>Assure the ink will meet the end use requirements. </li><li>Resolve customer problems by determining a root cause and corrective action to ensure it does not reoccur.</li><li>Pretest new products developed through research and development before going to the market place.</li><li>To ascertain the basic chemical composition of both internal and competitive products through analytical testing....<b style=font-family:verdana;color:white>[Read more in the new Printing Ink Handbook]<b/> </li></ul>"]
Text[15]=["Chapter 15 - Health, Safety and Environmental Concerns","Printing inks, like all chemical compounds, must be properly managed to ensure protection of human health, property, and the environment. The storage, usage, and disposal of many of the chemical compounds used in printing inks are regulated through federal and state agencies as well as local authorities.<br>Some printing inks are formulated with chemicals that pose a relatively low health, safety, and environmental risk in the manufacturing, laboratory, and pressroom environments, while others can be hazardous to both human health and the environment if not handled properly.  A basic understanding of proper industrial hygiene practices and appropriate storage and disposal procedures is essential when working with printing inks.....<b style=font-family:verdana;color:white>[Read more in the new Printing Ink Handbook]<b/> "]
Text[16]=["Glossaries","<ul><li>Graphic Arts Terms</li><li>Paper Terms</li><li>Color Terms</li><li>EHS Terms</li></ul> "]


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